Operating systems (OS) are software systems that manage computer hardware and software resources, providing a platform for applications to run. They serve as an intermediary between users and the computer hardware, facilitating the execution of tasks through various functionalities like managing files, controlling peripheral devices, and handling security and user permissions.

Key functions of an operating system include process management (allocating CPU time for running applications), memory management (tracking and managing a computer’s memory), file system management (organizing and controlling data storage), and device management (interfacing with hardware components like printers, disk drives, and network devices).

Common examples of operating systems include Windows, macOS, Linux, and Unix. Each OS is designed to handle interconnected tasks and provide users with a user-friendly environment while ensuring efficient hardware utilization. Operating systems can be categorized into various types, such as batch, time-sharing, distributed, embedded, and real-time systems, each tailored for specific use cases. Overall, operating systems are fundamental to the functionality of computers and devices, enabling users to perform a wide range of tasks effectively.